New route to lowest temperature

22 December 2011 Last updated at 04:52 ET

Researchers have developed a clever way to achieve the lowest temperatures ever recorded on Earth.

Achieving such temperatures is necessary to study fundamental properties of matter and the strange effects caused by quantum mechanics.

The new method relies on "optical lattices" of atoms from which only the hottest atoms are selectively removed.

The approach, reported in Nature, may be well-suited to create memory for future quantum computers.

The limits of low temperature have been constantly pushed in recent years, and the current best lies somewhere in the nanoKelvin regime - that is, within just billionths of a degree of "absolute zero" at zero Kelvin or -273.15C.

That ultimate limit is set formally as the lowest possible entropy, or disorder, that is achievable.

Optical lattices are an ideal system in which to attain temperatures ever nearer that limit. The peaks and troughs of intensity in crossed beams of light form a kind of "egg-crate" structure in which atoms are inclined to remain in the troughs - a point of lowest energy.

Continue reading the main story

Kelvin and the very cold

• 310K - human body temperature
• 273K - water freezes
• 217K - dry ice
• 184K - lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth's surface
• 2.7K - average temperature of deep space
• 1K - lowest known temperature in space: expanding gas of the Boomerang Nebula (above)
• 0.000000001K - coldest temperatures routinely achieved in laboratories
• 0K - absolute zero

As the atoms are added to each trough - or each point in the lattice - it becomes more difficult to add another, in a situation called a blockade.

But researchers from Harvard University have invented a modification to this effect called orbital exchange blockade.

It is a way to cool these assemblages of atoms that could be extended to the picoKelvin regime: within trillionths of a degree of the coldest possible temperature.

The team carefully adjusted the intensity of the crossed light beams. The trick was to do so in such a way that only the most energetic atoms in each lattice site absorbed energy from the light fields, becoming more energetic again.

By adjusting how frequently the light beam intensities were changed, the team was able to remove these "hottest" atoms from the system, leaving only the "coolest" ones behind.

The approach removed entropy, or in other words, reduced the overall temperature of the lattice.

In an accompanying article in Nature, optical lattice expert Gretchen Campbell from US measurement agency Nist points out that this ability to specifically address single lattice sites, and potentially to cool to never-before-achieved temperatures, may make the approach useful in quantum computers.

These devices, still in early developmental stages, would make use of the slippery nature of quantum states to perform computation at incredible speeds.

But like any computer, they would need memory, and optical lattices that keep delicate quantum information preserved in cold atoms could be a suitable solution.

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/int/news/-/news/science-environment-16285036

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Review: Spielberg can't pull off mo-cap in "Tintin" (Reuters)

LOS ANGELES (TheWrap.com) ? Netflix Instant can't wash your car. An IMAX sound system can't pilot an aircraft carrier. And motion-capture animation can't make non-creepy-looking human characters. All that may change one day, but the technology hasn't yet caught up.

And if there were any doubt that mo-cap hasn't leapt the chasm past the "uncanny valley" that makes human forms look weird and off-putting, "The Adventures of Tintin" would seem to indicate that neither Steven Spielberg nor Peter Jackson has figured it out. And if these guys still aren't all able to pull it off, we should all just agree that it can't be done, period.

Motion-capture has had its triumphs, from the stunning Na'vi of "Avatar" to Andy Serkis's moving, award-worthy performance as Caesar in "Rise of the Planet of the Apes." And while the faces of Tintin and his friends represent a quantum leap past earlier efforts like "The Polar Express" and "Mars Needs Moms," they're still spooky and not quite expressive enough.

It certainly doesn't help that boy adventurer Tintin has existed until now as a two-dimensional figure on the printed page and on TV: Belgian artist Herge's crisp line drawings are legendary, and director Spielberg and producer Jackson certainly could have made a stunning 2-D animated film based on the original character designs.

Instead, sadly, they've mucked about with an it-ain't-broke original, compounding their folly by entrusting the characters to this still-imperfect technology. In the final wash, only Snowy the Dog comes off with any kind of visual appeal.

Something of an origin story, "The Adventures of Tintin" follows the titular teen journalist (Jamie Bell) as he gets caught up in a globe-spanning adventure involving ships in bottles, secret passageways, and hidden scrolls. He is helped along the way by the hard-drinking Captain Haddock (Serkis) -- he and Tintin meet for the first time here -- and bumbling detectives Thompson (Simon Pegg) and Thomson (Nick Frost).

Spielberg takes advantage of the freedoms of animation, sending his camera on cannonball trajectories and zooming up the masts of pirate ships, but the action sequences blur together while lacking any sense of rhythm or pacing. If you were expecting a bracing, thrilling "Raiders of the Lost Ark," what we get here is more like a muddled, busy "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull." By the time two characters attack each other with giant dockside cranes, it feels like the entire film has descended into a series of loud metallic clangs.

For all the millions of dollars that were no doubt shoveled into this A-list effort, there was a funnier and more exciting action film made this year at just a fraction of the cost: "Attack the Block," from "Tintin" co-writers Joe Cornish and Edgar Wright.

Good on them for getting a high-paying gig on a Spielberg project, but this is one of those cases where the up-and-coming employees could apparently teach the big boss a thing or two.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/movies/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20111221/film_nm/us_tintin_review

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The iPhone Is Killing Mobile Carriers (The Atlantic Wire)

If the failed merger of AT&T and T-Mobile taught us anything, it's how our new smartphone-driven lifestyle is driving mobile carriers to resort to extreme measures in order to slow sinking profits caused by the high cost of pouring data into our pockets. It's hard to feel sorry for the companies that impose an estimated 4,090 percent markup on text messaging services -- very little data, very high price -- but the bottom line doesn't lie. The Wall Street Journal's Anton Troianovski pulled some numbers on Wednesday that quantify the race for wireless carriers to acquire much sought after rights to the airwaves that will help them deal with the more data-intensive requirements of smartphone applications: the web surfing, the email reading, the Spotify streaming and, yes, the YouTube watching. Troianovski explains that the wireless industry as a whole spent $24.9 billion in 2010 alone to invest in infrastructure that supports more data traffic. The T-Mobile deal had a symbolic purpose, he argues:

In trying to buy T-Mobile, AT&T bet that government officials would see the wireless industry's difficulties amid the smartphone boom as a justification for allowing the second-largest industry player to buy the No. 4 player. Regulators didn't see it that way.

No, they didn't and wireless customers didn't seem to appreciate AT&T's attempts to monopolize the mobile phone business. (Remember, this is Ma Bell's favorite grandson we're talking about here. Though you might not agree with the principles begind the AT&T-T-Mobile deal, it's is a little bit easier to sympathize with the idea that Apple grabbed mobile carriers by the shorthairs when it decided to launch the iPhone under its own terms. AT&T was the first to carry the iPhone, winning over fanboy customers but also sending its data infrastructure costs through the roof. And it's only getting worse One analyst cited in WSJ's coverage of the trend estimates that AT&T's profit margins will dip from 44 percent to 30 percent in the fourth quarter of this year. (That same analyst called the ascent of the iPhone?"a wealth transfer from AT&T shareholders to Apple shareholders.")?Troianovski continues:

Wall Street analysts have projected AT&T's wireless profit margins in the fourth quarter will be the worst in at least four years, despite AT&T saying it would sell more smartphones?including the iPhone 4S?than any other quarter.?That's because every time a new iPhone model comes out, it's the carriers?not consumers?that shell out the biggest bucks. Analysts estimate that carriers pay Apple a subsidy of about $400 each time a consumer buys an iPhone with a two-year contract.

Related: The Pros and Cons of the Different Ways to Buy an iPhone 4S

While you might have a hard time feeling sorry for AT&T, don't forget that T-Mobile stood to gain from the deal as well. And now that AT&T's caved to pressure from regulators not to eat such a big piece of America's wireless pie, the German underdog might be in trouble, too. The New York Times's?Jenna Wortham and Brian X. Chen report that T-Mobile and the analysts that trade its stock are supremely worried about the company's future now that they have to compete with Verizon, Sprint and, of course, its once aspiring sugar mama AT&T. "There?s no Plan B," T-Mobile parent company Deutsche Telekom's spokesman Andreas Fuchs told Wortham and Chen. "We?re back at the starting point." So where does that leave the other two of the top four, Verizon and Sprint? So far, in pretty good shape. Verizon, another company that was formed by the breakup of Ma Bell in the late 20th century, is undeniably huge, and while it's certainly adjusting the cost of doing mobile data, its business is much more diversified with a massive broadband subscriber base and a stronger network than AT&T. Sprint is less an underdog than T-Mobile but an underdog nonetheless, and it was thrilled about the implosion of the AT&T-T-Mobile deal.?The talking point is surely one that will resonate with iPhone customers sick of shelling out $100 a month for slow download speeds and dropped calls. "From the beginning,?Sprint has stood with consumers who spoke loudly and clearly that AT&T?s proposed takeover of T-Mobile would create an undeniable duopoly that would have resulted in higher prices, less innovation and fewer choices for the American consumer," Sprint said in a statement?that WSJ's Shira Ovide called a "victory lap." It added, "We look forward to competing fiercely in the robust, competitive market that exists today and continuing to deliver the world class service and products that consumers have come to expect from Sprint." This, from the company that just shelled out $15.5 billion in order to win the privilege of selling the iPhone. Regardless of whether Sprint customers decide to buy the thing or not, Sprint will be making payments on that deal for years to come. Don't forget to make the check out to: "Apple Computer, Cupertino, California." That applies to the mobile carriers and you consumers, too.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/applecomputer/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/atlantic/20111221/bs_atlantic/iphonekillingmobilecarriers46489

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Swimming around the statues

Catherine Brahic, environment editor

(Image: Jason deCaires Taylor/Rex Features

Artist Jason deCaires Taylor makes artificial reefs from cement casts of real people

What are you trying to convey with your underwater statues?
My work highlights the critical time we're living in, where we can influence the direction of our environment. I use sculpture to portray humans living in symbiosis with nature; to show how there is a sustainable future. But I'm also trying to show the negative impact we have, so some pieces highlight apathy and failure to act, or even to realise how bad the situation is.

Has your outlook changed?
I began with a very optimistic message: I was building this vast community of people working with the environment. Now, I've moved to the darker side. I created a guy sitting on a sofa with a hamburger, watching television, oblivious to his surroundings. That is a futuristic outlook, where we have ignored all the warnings and are sitting underwater but still fixated on something else.

What inspired these sculptures?
I was living in Grenada, in the Caribbean, where coral reefs were suffering as a result of tourism, and I was thinking of making installations but was conscious that I was just creating more objects. Then I thought of making artificial reefs. There was just one bay for snorkelling in Grenada and the impact was significant: you could see corals being kicked and broken, and anchors going directly down on the reef. The idea was to create a new attraction to draw people away. A lot of conservation is about leaving things alone. That's one of the biggest aims of the sculptures.

Can you describe the experience of swimming around the statues?
You're much more drawn in to your environment when you're underwater. You're forced into that world: having to breathe using compressed air or through a snorkel gives you a stronger connection to where you are and what you're doing. I feel more at peace there. The sculptures have a stronger impact underwater. Things change so quickly, they look ancient after six months.

Is photography an important part of your work?
Yes, because nothing stays the same. If I don't capture it at the right stage, two weeks later it'll be completely different. We've seen dramatic changes - and not always good ones - on The Silent Evolution, a work with 400 figures off the coast of Mexico, near Canc?n.

The area was a desolate sandy bed two years ago. I put the sculptures down in August 2010, and for six months it was incredible. Thousands of fish were migrating there, all sorts of crustaceans, hundreds of lobsters and lots of coralline algae were growing. And then, around March this year, the water temperature changed and algal blooms wiped out all that development. That has caused a lot of discussion among biologists over whether this is part of the process or a more serious underlying problem.

So, was it a natural event?
Opinions are divided. It's hard to get a definite answer out of scientists as to what may be causing it. We had had a particularly warm summer but I also think there are serious issues with water treatment facilities in Canc?n.

There's a giant lagoon on the inside of the hotel zone. The water quality is some of worst in the world - in some areas it's basically human waste - and that ends up going out to the reef. To protect the sculptures and make it easier to visit them, we put them where there wasn't so much current or wave action. But the downside is that they don't get a clean flow of open water in front of them.

What are you hoping to do with these sculptures next?
We're doing a new piece with a US marine biologist. I made casts of the ears of each child in a school class and turned them into a sculpture called The Listener. A group of biologists will fit a hydrophone inside it to analyse reef sounds and explore how to monitor reefs using audio only.

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Source: http://feeds.newscientist.com/c/749/f/10897/s/1b270411/l/0L0Snewscientist0N0Cblogs0Cculturelab0C20A110C120Cswimming0Earound0Ethe0Estatues0Bhtml0DDCMP0FOTC0Erss0Gnsref0Fonline0Enews/story01.htm

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Cowboys build early lead, then coast to victory

Dallas Cowboys tight end Martellus Bennett (80) and wide receiver Laurent Robinson (81) celebrate a 9-yard touchdown reception by Robinson during the first half of an NFL football game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011, in Tampa, Fla. (AP Photo/Margaret Bowles)

Dallas Cowboys tight end Martellus Bennett (80) and wide receiver Laurent Robinson (81) celebrate a 9-yard touchdown reception by Robinson during the first half of an NFL football game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011, in Tampa, Fla. (AP Photo/Margaret Bowles)

Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Laurent Robinson (81) celebrates a touchdown reception as Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive back Elbert Mack (33) walks off the field during the first half of an NFL football game on Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011, in Tampa, Fla. (AP Photo/Margaret Bowles)

Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo (9) throws a pass over Tampa Bay Buccaneers middle linebacker Mason Foster (59) during the second quarter of an NFL football game on Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011, in Tampa, Fla. (AP Photo/Brian Blanco)

Dallas Cowboys running back Felix Jones (28) dives over teammate center Phil Costa (67) and Tampa Bay Buccaneers outside linebacker Geno Hayes (54) on a run during the first quarter of an NFL football game on Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011, in Tampa, Fla. (AP Photo/Margaret Bowles)

Tampa Bay Buccaneers running back LeGarrette Blount (27) is stopped after a short gain by Dallas Cowboys outside linebacker DeMarcus Ware, left, and inside linebacker Sean Lee during the first half of an NFL football game on Saturday, Dec. 17, 2011, in Tampa, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)

TAMPA, Fla. (AP) ? Tony Romo was nearly flawless in getting the Dallas Cowboys back on track in the NFC East.

Romo threw for three touchdowns and ran for a fourth score Saturday night, helping the first-place Cowboys beat the struggling Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31-15.

Dallas stopped a two-game losing streak in which it blew fourth-quarter leads to allow a seemingly solid grip on the division lead slip away.

The victory gave the Cowboys (8-6) a half-game lead over New York. Although the Giants hold a tiebreaker advantage after beating Dallas 37-34 last week, the Cowboys can claim the division title and host a playoff game by finishing with wins the next two weeks over Philadelphia at home and the Giants on the road.

The Bucs (4-10) lost for the eighth straight time and played a miserable first half that certainly didn't do anything to help coach Raheem Morris make a case for keeping his job.

Romo threw a pair of 8-yard TD passes to Miles Austin and Dez Bryant in the first quarter, then finished a seven-play, 89-yard drive with a 9-yarder to Laurent Robinson to make it 21-0 with just under 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter. Romo made it 28-0 on a quarterback sneak in the closing seconds of the opening half.

Tampa Bay managed just one first down and was outgained 279 yards to 55 in the first two quarters, but found a way to make it interesting in the second half.

The Bucs, who had had yielded 69 consecutive points dating to the second quarter of the previous week's 41-14 loss to Jacksonville, finally got on the scoreboard in the third quarter when rookie Adrian Clayborn sacked Romo from behind, forcing a fumble that linebacker Dekoda Watson returned 4 yards for a TD for a much-needed spark.

Josh Freeman's 13-yard TD pass to Dezmon Briscoe and a two-point conversion throw to Kellen Winslow trimmed the Dallas lead to 31-15 heading into the final quarter.

The Cowboys have led in the fourth quarter in five of their six losses, however there wouldn't be a late collapse this time. Tampa Bay turned the ball over on downs twice in the last six minutes, and Sammy Morris picked up a first down inside the Bucs 10 to give the Cowboys an opportunity to run out the clock.

Austin's TD midway through the first quarter was set up by Tampa Bay's NFL-leading 32nd turnover, a fumble by Freeman on the fifth play of the game.

The Tampa Bay quarterback scrambled 25 yards on third-and-5 to march the Bucs near midfield, but the opening possession of the night came to an abrupt halt on the next play when Freeman took off again for a 7-yard gain and was stripped of the ball at the Cowboys 44.

Linebacker Bradie James recovered and it took Romo seven plays to get Dallas in the end zone for the first time. The Cowboys marched 69 yards in 10 plays on their next possession, with Romo finishing the drive by finding a wide-open Bryant in the back of the end zone to make it 14-0.

In three career games against Tampa Bay ? all lopsided victories ? Romo has thrown for 908 yards, 11 touchdowns and no interceptions. He was 23 of 30 for 249 yards and was sacked twice Saturday night.

Felix Jones, back in the starting lineup after DeMarco Murray broke his right ankle last week in a 37-34 loss to the Giants, broke a 38-yard run on the drive leading to Robinson's TD and finished with 108 yards on 22 carries ? his second straight 100-yard performance had 67 yards rushing on 12 carries at halftime.

Freeman, making his second start since missing a game because of an injured throwing shoulder, was 17 of 27 for 148 yards and no interceptions. He led the Bucs in rushing with 37 yards on four attempts and was sacked three times, once by DeMarcus Ware, who notched his 16th of the season.

Thanks to a large contingent of Cowboys fans, the Bucs played before a sellout crowd at home for just the second time in two seasons. Judging by all the blue and white jerseys scattered throughout the 65,000-seat stadium, at least half the house appeared to be rooting for Dallas.

The Bucs have lost eight straight following a 4-2 start that included wins over NFC South rivals New Orleans and Atlanta. The skid has coach Raheem Morris on the hot seat just a year after the NFL's youngest head coach led his team to a surprising 10-6 finish that heightened expectations coming into this season.

Tampa Bay played Saturday night without starting receiver Arrelious Benn, who suffered a concussion during last week's loss at Jacksonville. He was replaced by Briscoe, who began the night with just 23 receptions yet shared the team lead in touchdown catches with three.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2011-12-17-Cowboys-Buccaneers/id-04c37eaec35c4899a9a920d5f40a546f

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Midwives use rituals to send message that women's bodies know best

ScienceDaily (Dec. 16, 2011) ? In reaction to what midwives view as the overly medicalized way hospitals deliver babies, they have created birthing rituals to send the message that women's bodies know best.

The midwife experience uses these rituals to send the message that home birth is about female empowerment, strengthening relationships between family and friends, and facilitating participatory experiences that put mothers in control, with the ultimate goal of safe and healthy deliveries less focused on technological intervention.

These are some of the findings from an Oregon State University researcher and licensed midwife who witnessed more than 400 home births in order to document an extensive list of practices utilized by midwives to express the symbolic difference between home and hospital births.

In a study now online in the journal Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Melissa Cheyney, an assistant professor of medical anthropology at OSU, charted specific rituals used by midwives. In addition to witnessing and documenting home deliveries, she also conducted more than 50 in-depth interviews with midwives and their clients.

"This is about invoking the mind-body connection," Cheyney said. "We know, for instance, that midwives have better health outcomes in some areas, such as reduced rates of surgical delivery and labor induction, than hospitals. But I wanted to examine how ritual might play a part in producing these positive health outcomes."

Cheyney said evidence shows that hospital births result in about triple the rate of cesarean section for low-risk women compared to midwife-attended home births. Because of her unique role as both a researcher and midwife, Cheyney was able to gain access to hundreds of home births in various parts of the United States, and also witnessed more than 60 hospital births.

What she found was a network of common practices, messages and beliefs that resulted in midwives constructing woman-centered rituals around pregnancy and birth that were set up in opposition to what they believe are the overly medicalized practices of hospitals.

For instance, Cheyney found that midwives conducted many of the same diagnostic procedures as a physician would prenatally, from blood pressure and weight checks to blood testing and fetal heart tone evaluation. But midwives chose to get the entire family involved, often asking the partner to palpitate along with the midwife or allowing older children to hold the equipment used to listen to fetal heart tones.

"The participatory nature was a key component to creating a ritual that empowers the woman and her family to feel in control," Cheyney said. "Many midwives also downplayed the centrality of monitoring and resuscitation equipment setting them off to the side, or placing them under baby blankets during labor so women would not be reminded of the technology in the room. Mothers and babies were still monitored closely, but the monitoring was not made the central focus."

The differences aren't so much in practice, she argues, but in performance.

Cheyney also documented the use of common phrases to create birthing mantras. She lists phrases such as "don't fight it," "let your body do it," "open," and "let it be strong," as key components to the home birth ritual. Many mothers that Cheyney interviewed reported feeling strong and capable during their labors, and women who compared their hospital birth to their home birth reported feeling like they were "doing something, rather than just lying there passively waiting." Midwives also commonly expressed the statement that they were simply "guardians," and that women have all the tools inside of them to birth their own babies.

Cheyney said she was interested in documenting these home birth rituals in part because past anthropological studies have already looked at the rituals that characterize hospital deliveries. It is Cheyney's belief that both of these sets of rituals have caused a wide chasm between the 99 percent of the U.S. population that chooses hospital births and the 1 percent who choose home births.

"Just as women and their doctors who deliver in the hospital often feel convinced that their birth was the only safe and 'correct' way, women and midwives who deliver at home feel strongly that they have the solution," Cheyney said. "They believe it with every cell in their body because they have lived it."

The result, said Cheyney, are two deeply entrenched belief systems that have trouble meeting in the middle, prompting many of the tensions between midwives and obstetricians -- a major concern for Cheyney and other researchers as the number of home births in the U.S. is on the rise.

In contrast, countries such as Canada require midwives to be trained in home, birth center, and hospital deliveries. And Dutch physicians are required to complete midwifery training if they want to attend low-risk deliveries.

"How can you speak across divides unless you experience both sides?" Cheyney said. "To use a travel metaphor, it's easy to criticize a country you've never visited."

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Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111216150301.htm

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